The influence of the railway in my city
The theme is very relevant in our time. My city is a large railway junction through which a large number of railway transport. That's why I became interested in the ecological situation in Agryz. Of course, rail transport has both positive and negative. Rail transport has the highest volume of freight traffic from other modes of transport. But do not forget that it has a negative impact on the environment and human health.
Currently Agryz - the only yard in Izhevsk region Gorky Railway. It works in four areas: east, west, north and south. Extracurricular Agryz station - one of the largest in the Gorky Railway. There are a number of railway companies, to ensure operational performance site: locomotive operational depot, locomotive repair depot, car shed, distance path, track machines station.
Many employees of the station belong to the dynasties of the railwaymen, and chose career path as a child, continuing the work of their fathers and grandfathers.
The aim of my project:
1. To study the influence of railway transport on the environment in Agryz.
2. To explore the problems of the protection of environmentand try to find the ways of reducing the negativeinfluence of railway transport.
The object of study is the railway routes of Agryz
The subject of research - influence of the railway transport on the settlement and agriculture of Agryz and its region
Purpose - to analyze the influence of railway transport on the social and economic development of Agryz. To achieve this goals some tasks were set:
to find the place of railway infrastructure in a complex world;
-to explore the history of the building of main railway lines inAgryz;
-to study the effect of railway transport in the settlement and the population of Agryz;
-to study the effect of railway transport on the industry of Agryz.
The main methods in this paper are: a comparative geographical, statistical (collecting and processing statistical data), mapping, modeling
The history of the station Agryz
The history of the station Agryz inextricably linked with the history of railway construction and development of the South of the Gorky Railway. In the 60 years of the XIXth century three major railway projects were actively discussed, among them there was a road construction project of Kazan through Sarapul, Krasnoufimsk, Ekaterinburg, Tyumen Kamyshlov on. This project was authorized by the Emperor Alexander II in 1887, the year, but the Russian-Turkish War delayed its implementation. In 1910 the society chairman of the Moscow-Kazan railway won Meck re-filed an application for a concession for the construction of the line Kazan-Ekaterinburg. Work was commenced in the summer of 1914. During the period of revolution and civil war, the works were stopped, and what everything was destroyed. June 1, 1919, the year during the fierce fighting troops on the Eastern Front was released from the station Agryz troops of Kolchak. The restoration of the railway sector. July 1, 1920 the first year after the station in Kazan-Ekaterinburg railway was the first train from Moscow and in September 1920 regular trains from Moscow to Yekaterinburg via Agryz station began . Part of the railway Kazan - Agryz - Sverdlovsk, commissioned in 1924, gave a second exit from the European part of the Urals and into areas of Siberia.
Milestones station Agryz
1912-1913 - carrying out exploration work on the site, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Agryz-Votkinsk;
1914 - start of construction of the railway line Kazan - Yekaterinburg;
1920 - opening of the regular motion of the station Agryz. Train from Moscow to Yekaterinburg;
1957-1958 - translated from the locomotive to diesel traction;
1958 - The end of the reconstruction of the station. The reconstruction of Central Park, the construction of East Park, puteprovodnoy interchange between the Central and East Park and 3 km;
1960-1961 - Construction of polugorki slides and low power;
1965 - The construction of the station;
1972 - Electrical interlocking signals and low power slides;
1976 - beginning of reconstruction Agryz site, the construction of the line Agryz-round field;
1980 - Commissioning of the line-Agryz Alnashi length of 100 km, the station began to work on four areas;
1982 - The opening of the regular motion Agryz-Naberezhnye Chelny;
1984 - completion of electrification of Druzhinin, Kizner;
1985 - Completion of the first stage of reconstruction of the station Agryz,
1989-1990 - construction of several additional ways of sorting the park,
1990 - commissioning of electrified section Agryz-Izhevsk;
1991 - Reconstruction of the transit fleet - lengthening receiving-departure tracks. Equipment of all paths of the park brake retarders sorting PNZ;
1995 - Equipment for basic technical hump post office;
1999 - all workplaces introduced a new ASUSS (automated control system of marshalling yard);
2000 - in a transit station, park in operation for fastening the device rolling high power CF-380;
2006 - renovated the overpass that connects the two-way sorting and dispatching park. The reconstruction of the odd neck-receiving dispatching the park;
2006-2007 - an overhaul of premises operators brake fourth position;
2007-2010 - a training center Izhevsk branch office at the station Agryz hump, the lengthening of paths in the park reception and transit park, mechanized hill station, intended for dissolution and the formation of compounds is given to the reference state.
The overall influence of railway transport on the environment of Agryz
1)Railway use a lot of fuel, timber and land resources, mineral and construction materials. Compared to the other modes of transport (especially road), it causes less environmental damage.2)Railway transport involves in a violation of the natural land scape resistance of transport infrastructure through the development of erosion and landslides.
3) Air is polluted by exhaust gases
4)The level of the ground pollution by oil, lead, blowing products and shedding of bulk cargo(coal, ore, cement)increases constantly. The accidents on the railways are dangerous for air, water and the land.
Sources and types of pollution by rail.
Air pollution
The environmental advantages of rail transport consist primarily, in much smaller quantities of harmful emissions into the atmosphere unit of work performed. The main source of air pollution is the exhausts of diesel engines of diesel locomotives. Studies of environmental services showed that the content in the air of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide exceeds the maximum permissible concentration for the maximum one-time air quality. It indicates a significant air pollution railway stations exhaust gases of diesel locomotives. At a distance of 150 meters from the station, nitrogen oxides found in the same concentrations as in the plant.
Water pollution
Annually from passenger cars per kilometer translates to 200 m ³ of waste water containing pathogens. This leads to contamination of the railway and the environment. When washing the rolling stock in the soil and water move
together with sewage synthetic surface - active substances, oil products, phenols, hexavalent chromium, acids, alkalis, organic and inorganic suspended solids. Oil content in waste water when washing locomotives phenols by washing tanks - under the oil exceeds maximum permissible concentration. Repeatedly exceeded maximum permissible concentrations hexavalent chromium replacement coolant diesel locomotives. In many times more waste water contaminated soil in and around points, which produces washing vehicles.
I was examined by a pond, located near the railroad tracks. We see how polluted water emissions of products of the railway (fuel oil, diesel oil, gasoline and other petroleum products).
Noise and vibration during movement of trains and their impact on the health of the residents of Agryz.
1) The noise from the trains causes adverse effects that are expressed primarily in sleep disturbances, feeling of the disease state, a change in behavior, increased use of drugs, etc.
2) The perception of the noise of trains depends on the general background noise. So, on the outskirts of cities plant it is perceived less painful than in residential neighborhoods. Noise from train stations and marshalling yards in particular is more negative consequences than the noise of conventional trains.
3) The main source of the noise of cars are blows the wheels on the joints and irregularities of the rails, as well as the friction of the rolling surface and paddle wheels on the rail head. Rolling wheels on the rails without weld potholes and undulating wear leads to the formation of noise over a wide frequency range. Rail surface defects cause vibration and shock, reducing the stability of the rails and track structure in general, lead to deterioration of rolling stock and increase in noise.
Ways to improve the environmental situation:
Recycling of waste of the railway
1) In Corporation "RZD" systematic work is carried out to reduce the negative impacts of waste production and consumption on the environment and maximize their involvement in the economic turnover as a source of raw materials.
2) Over 30% of waste is used in technological processes of production as a secondary raw material, the waste is rendered harmless at the sites of the structural units of the railways, with special incinerators.
Modern technologies of reducing noise
The railways implemented new passive and active noise reduction tools.
The passive assets include polymeric pads are installed between the subgrade and gravel ballast between the sleepers and ballast between the rails and sleepers. These same tools include grinding rails and wheels. Such events significantly reduces noise and vibration and to achieve the level of noise impact on the environment within the 35-40 dBA, it is significantly below normal during the daytime noise level of 65 dBA.
Active noise cancellation means - modern systems consisting of a microphone, speakers, and an electronic device that analyzes the noise spectrum and generates a complex harmonic signal applied to the dynamics in anti-noise source. Signals are superimposed on each other, forming a region of the speakers with low noise performance.
Output
The railways has positive and negative influence. We must take care of our planet.
Currently Agryz - the only yard in Izhevsk region Gorky Railway. It works in four areas: east, west, north and south. Extracurricular Agryz station - one of the largest in the Gorky Railway. There are a number of railway companies, to ensure operational performance site: locomotive operational depot, locomotive repair depot, car shed, distance path, track machines station.
Many employees of the station belong to the dynasties of the railwaymen, and chose career path as a child, continuing the work of their fathers and grandfathers.
The aim of my project:
1. To study the influence of railway transport on the environment in Agryz.
2. To explore the problems of the protection of environmentand try to find the ways of reducing the negativeinfluence of railway transport.
The object of study is the railway routes of Agryz
The subject of research - influence of the railway transport on the settlement and agriculture of Agryz and its region
Purpose - to analyze the influence of railway transport on the social and economic development of Agryz. To achieve this goals some tasks were set:
to find the place of railway infrastructure in a complex world;
-to explore the history of the building of main railway lines inAgryz;
-to study the effect of railway transport in the settlement and the population of Agryz;
-to study the effect of railway transport on the industry of Agryz.
The main methods in this paper are: a comparative geographical, statistical (collecting and processing statistical data), mapping, modeling
The history of the station Agryz
The history of the station Agryz inextricably linked with the history of railway construction and development of the South of the Gorky Railway. In the 60 years of the XIXth century three major railway projects were actively discussed, among them there was a road construction project of Kazan through Sarapul, Krasnoufimsk, Ekaterinburg, Tyumen Kamyshlov on. This project was authorized by the Emperor Alexander II in 1887, the year, but the Russian-Turkish War delayed its implementation. In 1910 the society chairman of the Moscow-Kazan railway won Meck re-filed an application for a concession for the construction of the line Kazan-Ekaterinburg. Work was commenced in the summer of 1914. During the period of revolution and civil war, the works were stopped, and what everything was destroyed. June 1, 1919, the year during the fierce fighting troops on the Eastern Front was released from the station Agryz troops of Kolchak. The restoration of the railway sector. July 1, 1920 the first year after the station in Kazan-Ekaterinburg railway was the first train from Moscow and in September 1920 regular trains from Moscow to Yekaterinburg via Agryz station began . Part of the railway Kazan - Agryz - Sverdlovsk, commissioned in 1924, gave a second exit from the European part of the Urals and into areas of Siberia.
Milestones station Agryz
1912-1913 - carrying out exploration work on the site, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Agryz-Votkinsk;
1914 - start of construction of the railway line Kazan - Yekaterinburg;
1920 - opening of the regular motion of the station Agryz. Train from Moscow to Yekaterinburg;
1957-1958 - translated from the locomotive to diesel traction;
1958 - The end of the reconstruction of the station. The reconstruction of Central Park, the construction of East Park, puteprovodnoy interchange between the Central and East Park and 3 km;
1960-1961 - Construction of polugorki slides and low power;
1965 - The construction of the station;
1972 - Electrical interlocking signals and low power slides;
1976 - beginning of reconstruction Agryz site, the construction of the line Agryz-round field;
1980 - Commissioning of the line-Agryz Alnashi length of 100 km, the station began to work on four areas;
1982 - The opening of the regular motion Agryz-Naberezhnye Chelny;
1984 - completion of electrification of Druzhinin, Kizner;
1985 - Completion of the first stage of reconstruction of the station Agryz,
1989-1990 - construction of several additional ways of sorting the park,
1990 - commissioning of electrified section Agryz-Izhevsk;
1991 - Reconstruction of the transit fleet - lengthening receiving-departure tracks. Equipment of all paths of the park brake retarders sorting PNZ;
1995 - Equipment for basic technical hump post office;
1999 - all workplaces introduced a new ASUSS (automated control system of marshalling yard);
2000 - in a transit station, park in operation for fastening the device rolling high power CF-380;
2006 - renovated the overpass that connects the two-way sorting and dispatching park. The reconstruction of the odd neck-receiving dispatching the park;
2006-2007 - an overhaul of premises operators brake fourth position;
2007-2010 - a training center Izhevsk branch office at the station Agryz hump, the lengthening of paths in the park reception and transit park, mechanized hill station, intended for dissolution and the formation of compounds is given to the reference state.
The overall influence of railway transport on the environment of Agryz
1)Railway use a lot of fuel, timber and land resources, mineral and construction materials. Compared to the other modes of transport (especially road), it causes less environmental damage.2)Railway transport involves in a violation of the natural land scape resistance of transport infrastructure through the development of erosion and landslides.
3) Air is polluted by exhaust gases
4)The level of the ground pollution by oil, lead, blowing products and shedding of bulk cargo(coal, ore, cement)increases constantly. The accidents on the railways are dangerous for air, water and the land.
Sources and types of pollution by rail.
Air pollution
The environmental advantages of rail transport consist primarily, in much smaller quantities of harmful emissions into the atmosphere unit of work performed. The main source of air pollution is the exhausts of diesel engines of diesel locomotives. Studies of environmental services showed that the content in the air of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide exceeds the maximum permissible concentration for the maximum one-time air quality. It indicates a significant air pollution railway stations exhaust gases of diesel locomotives. At a distance of 150 meters from the station, nitrogen oxides found in the same concentrations as in the plant.
Water pollution
Annually from passenger cars per kilometer translates to 200 m ³ of waste water containing pathogens. This leads to contamination of the railway and the environment. When washing the rolling stock in the soil and water move
together with sewage synthetic surface - active substances, oil products, phenols, hexavalent chromium, acids, alkalis, organic and inorganic suspended solids. Oil content in waste water when washing locomotives phenols by washing tanks - under the oil exceeds maximum permissible concentration. Repeatedly exceeded maximum permissible concentrations hexavalent chromium replacement coolant diesel locomotives. In many times more waste water contaminated soil in and around points, which produces washing vehicles.
I was examined by a pond, located near the railroad tracks. We see how polluted water emissions of products of the railway (fuel oil, diesel oil, gasoline and other petroleum products).
Noise and vibration during movement of trains and their impact on the health of the residents of Agryz.
1) The noise from the trains causes adverse effects that are expressed primarily in sleep disturbances, feeling of the disease state, a change in behavior, increased use of drugs, etc.
2) The perception of the noise of trains depends on the general background noise. So, on the outskirts of cities plant it is perceived less painful than in residential neighborhoods. Noise from train stations and marshalling yards in particular is more negative consequences than the noise of conventional trains.
3) The main source of the noise of cars are blows the wheels on the joints and irregularities of the rails, as well as the friction of the rolling surface and paddle wheels on the rail head. Rolling wheels on the rails without weld potholes and undulating wear leads to the formation of noise over a wide frequency range. Rail surface defects cause vibration and shock, reducing the stability of the rails and track structure in general, lead to deterioration of rolling stock and increase in noise.
Ways to improve the environmental situation:
Recycling of waste of the railway
1) In Corporation "RZD" systematic work is carried out to reduce the negative impacts of waste production and consumption on the environment and maximize their involvement in the economic turnover as a source of raw materials.
2) Over 30% of waste is used in technological processes of production as a secondary raw material, the waste is rendered harmless at the sites of the structural units of the railways, with special incinerators.
Modern technologies of reducing noise
The railways implemented new passive and active noise reduction tools.
The passive assets include polymeric pads are installed between the subgrade and gravel ballast between the sleepers and ballast between the rails and sleepers. These same tools include grinding rails and wheels. Such events significantly reduces noise and vibration and to achieve the level of noise impact on the environment within the 35-40 dBA, it is significantly below normal during the daytime noise level of 65 dBA.
Active noise cancellation means - modern systems consisting of a microphone, speakers, and an electronic device that analyzes the noise spectrum and generates a complex harmonic signal applied to the dynamics in anti-noise source. Signals are superimposed on each other, forming a region of the speakers with low noise performance.
Output
The railways has positive and negative influence. We must take care of our planet.
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