Eco problems in my district
My dreams
I’d like to meet Early Dawns
With birds’ singing in trees
And forests, gardens free of dust.
I’d like to listen to my children’s laugh
And merry voices of my great grandsons and granddaughters.
People, who will save the Earth?
You and me!
Keep it clean and green!
I’d like to present project about ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region and Tugulym District. I have chosen this topic because I’m very concerned about air pollution. I’m worried that water is polluted and as a result fish and animals are died.
I’m very concerned that forests are destroyed. I’m afraid of dangerous gases. I’m very concerned that there are many diseases. I’d like to find answer the question - Why does it happen? I’d like to tell some words about work on this topic. First I have made a plan. Then I was looking for literature. The most difficult work was to translate from Russian into English. I got information by translating from English into Russian. My aims are: to get more knowledge about ecological problems; to improve ability of reading and translating, speaking English. Tasks are: to know more about modern situation in nature; to learn ecological problems of the 20th century, to get more knowledge about ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region and Tugulym District. To answer the main question of this project I must describe modern situation of the world we live in.
There are diseases today, as a result they are caused by global environmental problems. Environmental problems have become exceptionally acute in the country. For a long time too little attention was paid to the environment.
As a result, about half of the water sources, in the country are polluted with industrial or communal waste.
More than that, in more than a hundred towns and cities with population of some fifty million, the concentration of harmful substances in the air is over ten times the admissible level.
For dozens of years the national economy focused on large projects.
The giant projects included the transformation of nature.
Blunders were committed that caused environmental disasters.
Why the planet is in danger? In connection with this question I head to learn about men’s interference with nature, the result of man’s careless interaction with nature is a sigh of ecological crises: forest and plants are in danger. Every year huge forests are cleared for different uses, and a lot of forests are so badly damaged that they will hardly be able to recover. By the way, some medicines come from trees and from plants and flowers which grow in the forests.
As for water over five million tons of oil products pollute the ocean each year. About two million tons of these products come from cars.
Big rivers carry into the ocean a lot of the waste from industry and agriculture.
Pollution means death to the ocean. Pollution kills whales. It kills fish and plants.
The birds have been swimming in polluted water. They will die if the men don’t help them.
And what about animals?
There are many species of animals that may disappear from the Earth within the next few years. You can find wonderful animals on our planet. In the oceans there are whales, albatrosses, sharks, polar bears, penguins. In tropical forests there are snakes, gorillas, jaguar, in rivers you can see different kinds of fish and crocodiles. But many of these species are disappearing nowadays. Today many elephants in Africa are dying because they do not have enough to eat or to drink and because they do not have enough space to live in. Hunters kill thousands of elephants every year. Some kill them for meat. But most kill elephants for their tusks. Most of the elephants have gone to national parks. There are too many animals there. As a result, the elephants do not have enough grass and leaves to eat. The crocodiles are very hungry. But now they are so weak that they can hardly catch a big antelope.
People have been hunting crocodiles for many years. The result is that 14 species are into the Red Data Book.
I think man’s interference with nature caused great ecological problems in the world.
In connection with the situation in modern world I must explain the words “Ecology”, “Earth Biosphere”, “Ozone Destructions” , “Radiation”.
Man’s interference with nature caused tragedy in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1945 Americans tested atomic bomb. As a result more than 140000 people were killed in Hirosima and about 75000 ones were killed in Nagasaki. Doctor Starford Worren was not allowed to publish information about radiation. I am worried about the pollution of Sverdlovsk Region. There are a lot of industrial enterprises in our region. They put their waste materials into water and atmosphere and pollute the environment. Many people died from radiation some years ago in Chernobyl. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus was polluted with radioactive substances. Great damage has been done to the republic’s agriculture, forest and people’s health.
I’m very concerned that forests are destroyed in Tugulym District, the rivers Tugulymka, Pyshma are very polluted. As a result birds and animals are in danger. I’m very concerned that eco-problems of Tygylym and Tygylym District are not reduced.
Tugulym District consists of agricultural areas. Forests occupy 52 % of the area. There are no pump stations and good modern filters that lower the level of pollution. As a result, many diseases appeared in the district. Some establishments of different forms of property have appeared in the area. There are 130 enterprises of small Business. There are 44 boiler rooms and 15 proving grounds for the firm waste. Every year atmosphere is polluted by 756 tons of firm waste, 1215 industrial waste and 2028 m of liquid waste.
I’m very concerned that the national park “Pre-Pyshminskie Bory” is destroyed. The life of animals and birds are in danger. The forests are cut down. There are dust heaps near the roads and the places of rest. There is a question “Who is in charge of the planet?”
I think people all over the world must do everything to protect nature , to make their country richer, to make their life happier.
We have to control atmosphere and water pollution to study the man’s influence on the climate. I’d like to add that the world pop singer stars organized concert “Save the Earth” in London on the 7th of July, 2007. It was devoted to the global warming.
In recent years people become more sensitive towards the Environment.
In 1987 a “Green Peace” public commission has been set up.
Travels for Peace and nature is the move of on other public movement that appeared in Russia some years ago. Russia is cooperating with the United states, Canada, Norway, Finland and other countries. It is important to point out that pupils of our school take part in Region Programme “Rodniki”. The leader of this programme is Selina Galina Grigorievna. The members of the clubs “Piligrimy” and “Grenada” inspect and protect water springs. They inspected twenty two springs. The members of tourists groups take away litter near the wells. More than that they take part in the environmental actions. They publish their articles in the newspaper “Znamya Truda”. It’s interesting to point out that teenagers discovered the inscription- curse in the forest during hiking expedition. It was the curse to people who cut down forests barbarously.
I think everybody should take part in Environmental Protection, because our Earth is our home. I really think it is important to protect wild life, plants and trees, to help to keep all water clean; we should not spoil the gardens, leave litter, take flowers and plants, pollute the banks of the rivers. We should not disturb animals.
To answer the main question of this project I must describe modern situation of the world we live in.
It’s an interesting world we live in! We fly to other planets and discover all manuscripts. We create artificial intellect and get the depths of the ocean. We release tremendous energies. We build the tunnel under the channel. We pollute our beautiful planet. Besides, there are many ozone holes. Acid rain falls and harms lakes, rivers and plants and the creatures that need them. Our factories throw a lot of dirt in to the air. It calls greenhouse effect or global warming. Animals are in danger. We pollute the atmosphere and disturb the wildlife. A lot of animals are disappearing. Cars are the world’s biggest air polluters. Farmers often spray chemicals on crops to protect them against pests. These chemicals are called pesticides. Scientists have found that pesticides often end up in our food. Pesticides can cause health problems especially for kids. And what about litter? When the litter is thrown, the nature is damaged. Speaking about these problems I think we must answer the question if the nature is the source of human life?
Man’s interference with nature
What is the man’s connection with nature? Since ancient times Nature has served man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. When nature is polluted the climate is changed. It’s necessary to point out that, the pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s care less interaction with nature a sign of ecological crises.
When did mean interfere with nature?
What caused ecological crises?
Forests and plants are in danger
What do forests and plants mean in man’s life?
The forests are in danger. The world has over nine million sq. km. of forests. But they are disappearing fast not only because of fires. Every day we use paper and cardboard made from wood. We use different kinds of wood to make furniture and other things. Every year huge forests are cleared for different uses, and a lot of forests are so badly damaged that they will hardly be able to recover.
By the way, some medicines come from trees and from plants and flowers which grow in the forests. There are many illnesses which we still cannot cure. There are old ones like cancer and new ones like AIDS. It may be that the medicines we need will be discovered in wild plants in savannas, deserts or rainforests. If we destroy these places, we will never find the cure. Every one of us must know how important it is to care for our great forests and save them from harm.
Besides the huge forests help to control the world’s weather, and to produce much of the oxygen in the air. People and animals breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut down and burnt big areas of rainforest. This means there are fewer trees, and, of course, more carbon dioxide, and more illnesses.
Water
What has happened with water?
Rivers… . Lakes... . Seas… . Oceans… . They cover more than 70% of our planet. Scientists say: man will die if oceans die. The oceans will die if we don’t stop polluting them. Thur Heyrdahl, the famous scientist and explorer, crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Thur Heyrdahl and his companions made a voyage of four thousand kilometers. They saw four thousand kilometers of polluted ocean.
This is what Thur Heyrdahl and his companions saw all the across Atlantic. Over five million tons of oil products pollute the ocean each year. About two million tons of these products come from cars.
At first the oil products go into the atmosphere and pollute it. Traffic policemen in Tokyo have to wear gas-masks. From the atmosphere the oil products go into the oceans.
A shipwrecked tanker spills many thousands of tons of oil into the ocean.
About one million tons of oil products coming from tankers pollute the world ocean each year.
Big rivers carry into the ocean a lot of the waste from industry and agriculture.
Pollution means death to the ocean. Pollution kills whales. It kills fish and plants.
The birds have been swimming in polluted water. They will die if the men don’t help them.
Experts believe life in the ocean will be destroyed within 25 years.
My opinion’s is pollution of water means death to the ocean, man.
Animals
What is the man’s influence on the situation with animals?
There are many species of animals that may disappear from the Earth within the next few years. They will become extinct unless man can help. For some species it is already too late. The American passenger pigeon was once a very common bird. Yet it is gone forever. The last one died in a zoo in 1914.
Some animals lose their natural nesting areas and cannot breed. Others cannot adapt to new conditions, wildlife problems occur everywhere.
“People have lived on our planet for many years. They lived and live on different continents and in different countries. People depend on their planet, on the sun, on animals and plants around them.”
You can find wonderful animals on our planet. In the oceans there are whales, albatrosses, sharks, polar bears, penguins. In tropical forests there are snakes, gorillas, jaguars, in rivers you can see different kinds of fish and crocodiles.
But many of these species are disappearing nowadays. Indian tigers are among them. They are skilful hunters. Often they are dangerous. Some people are afraid of tigers and kill them to save their livestock and their lives. But some people have hunted tigers for fun and for their beautiful skin. They sell the skin and get a lot of money. The result is sad. There are few Indian tigers on the Earth now. Many of them are usually old, sick animals. Most tigers hide from people in deep dark forests. The question is “Have those animals got a future?”
We can put the same question about African elephants. They are wonderful animals. They can help men. Elephants need a lot of water. Grown-ups drink as much as 50 gallons a day. After they have had enough to drink, they fill their trunks and spray their bodies. The showers cool the elephants. Leaving the water, the elephants join small family groups resting under the trees. Elephants rest only during the hottest part of the day and for a few hours each night. The rest of the time they eat. In fact, elephants spend about 16 hours a day eating.
Today many elephants in Africa are dying because they do not have enough to eat or to drink and they do not have enough space to live in.
Hunters kill thousands of elephants every year. Some kill them for meat. But most kill elephants for their tusks.
Most of the elephants have gone to national parks. There are too many animals there. As a result, the elephants do not have enough grass and leaves to eat.
Al these problems have greatly reduced the number of elephants in Africa. Specialists think that only two million elephants live on the planet today.
The Ciravira-river flows into Lake Victoria. Thousands of crocodiles live in it. This day has begun as usually but today the life of some animals on the shore will change forever. It is a mystery how crocodiles can detect their victims, but they know that the noise far away will bring no rain. That is the noise of another kind. Antelopes have come. These animals are thirsty. They have run about 170 km in fierce heat. The crocodiles are very hungry. But now they are so weak that they can hardly catch a big antelope. Young antelopes are wading far into the water. They don’t know that crocodiles are dangerous. They have never seen them. A crocodile catches its victim.
After such a good lunch the crocodile won’t eat much until the next coming of antelopes. Although a crocodile is a big reptile it doesn’t need much food.
Crocodiles appeared on the Earth 200 million years ago. There are 21 species of them. People have been hunting crocodiles for many years. The result is that 14 species are into the Red Data Book. Nowadays people breed them in incubators.
As we see many animals have disappeared because of hunting for their beautiful skin. Besides hunters kill elephants for meat. I think it is necessary to add that people destroy wildlife.
What is Ecology?
Speaking about influence of people on the environment we should know the terms “Ecology”, “The Earth’s Biosphere”, “Ozone Destruction”, “Radiation”.
The term ecology emerged at the end of the 20th century as one of the most popular and most important aspects of biology. The world ecology was coined by a German zoologist. Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term oekologie to the “relation of the animal both to its inorganic environment”. The word comes from the Greek oikos, meaning “household, home, or places to live”. Thus ecology deals with the organism and its environment. The word environment includes both other organisms and physical surroundings. Ecology has been defined variously as “the study of the interrelationships of organisms with their environment and each other”, as “the economy of nature”, and as “the biology of ecosystems”.
Because of the various approaches required to study organisms in their environment, ecology deals with such fields as climatology, hydrology, oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology, and soil analysis. To study the relationships between organisms, ecology also involves such unrelated sciences as animals’ behaviour, taxonomy, physiology, and mathematics.
The Earth’s Biosphere
Biosphere is the thin layer of life that covers the Earth. Biosphere is the earth’s relatively thin zone of air, soil, and water that is capable of supporting life, ranging from about 10 km into the atmosphere to the deepest ocean floor. Life in the zone depends on the sun’s energy and on the circulation of heat and essential nutrients. The biosphere remained sufficiently stable for hundreds of millions of years to keep going the evolution of today’s life forms. Major divisions of the biosphere into regions growth patterns are called plant formations, or biomes.
Role of man in ecology?
What is the role of Industrial Revolution in ecology?
The man appeared late in the earth’s history, but was able to change the earth’s environment by its actions. Humans first appeared in Africa and they quickly spread throughout the world. Having unique mental and physical capabilities, humans were able to change the environment to meet their needs.
Early humans obviously lived in harmony with the environment but they began the first prehistoric agricultural revolution.
While human populations remained small and human technology modest, their impact on the environment was localized. As populations increased and technology improved and expanded, however, more significant and widespread problems arose. Rapid technological advances after the Middle Ages culminated in the Industrial Revolution, which involved the discovery, use, and exploitation of fossil fuels, as well as the extensive exploitation of the earth’s mineral resources. With the Industrial Revolution, humans began in earnest to change the face of the earth, the nature of its atmosphere, and the quality of its water. Today, unprecedented demands on the environment from a rapidly expanding human population and from advancing technology are causing a continuing and accelerating decline in the environment and its ability to sustain life.
I think with the Industrial Revolution people began in earnest to change the face of the Earth.
Ozone Destruction
In the 1970S and 1980S, scientists began to find that human activity was having a detrimental effect on the global ozone layer, a region of the atmosphere that shields the earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. Without this gaseous layer, which is found at about 40 km above sea level, no life could survive on the planet. Studies showed the ozone layer was being damaged by the increasing use of industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, compounds of fluorine), which are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, cleaning solvents, packing materials, and aerosol sprays.
In 1985, however, further research revealed a growing ozone hole concentrated above Antarctica; 50per cent or more of the ozone above this area of the earth was being depleted seasonally (beginning each October). A thinning of the ozone layer exposes life on earth to excessive ultraviolet radiation, which can increase skin cancer and cataracts reduce immune system responses, interfere with the photosynthetic process of plants, and affect the growth of oceanic phytoplankton. Because of the growing threat of these dangerous environmental effects, many nations are working towards eliminating the manufacture and use of CFCs can remain in the atmosphere for more than 100 years, so ozone destruction will continue to pose a threat for decades to come.
Radiation
Although atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons has been banned by most countries, eliminating a large source if radioactive fallout, nuclear radiation still remains an environmental problem. Power plants always release some amount of radioactive waste into the air and water, but the main danger is the possibility of nuclear accidents, in which massive amounts of radiation are released into the environment- as happened at Chernobyl’, Ukraine, in 1986. In fact, since the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the world has learned that contamination of that region from nuclear accidents and nuclear wastes is far more extensive than had been realized. A greater problem facing the nuclear industry is the storage of nuclear wastes, which remain toxic for 700 to 1 million years, depending on the type. Safe storage for geological periods of time is problematic; meanwhile nuclear wastes accumulate, threatening the integrity of the environment.
I think all dangerous environmental effects are connected with mean’s activity.
Environmental problems of the 20th and 21st centuries
Hirosima and Nagasaki
What problems do people face in the nuclear age?
In connection with development of science and engineering new ecological problems appear. In the 20th century nuclear weapons appear in armament, atomic power station in our country. Another danger for the nature and for the man is radiation.
I’m very concerned about the event that took place on the 9th of August in 1945. Americans threw atomic bombs on Hirosima and Nagasaki in Japan. More than 140000 people were killed in Hirosima and about 75000 ones were killed in Nagasaki. Doctor Starford Worren was not allowed to publish information about radiation.
I’d like to add that millions of people through the world demand: ”Ban nuclear explosions! We do not want to be nuclear hostages!”
Chernobyl
April night at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station. The most horrible ecological disaster befell Belarus and its people as the result of the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. The blazing reactor lit up and mirrored our chronic ills. The disaster affected many lives. All this is true. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus was polluted with radioactive substances. Great damage has been done to the republic’s agriculture, forest and people’s health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station have been truly tragic for the Belarusian nation. Yet Chernobyl has gone down in our history hot only as grief pain and alarm, but also as an exploit uniting the entire people of our country in the face of calamity and suffering.
My opinion is atomic power-stations are dangerous for man.
Global warming
The most important influence on the weather of the future is likely to be global warming. Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crises of next century.
Here’s what we know about global warming. Since the Industrial Age (say, 1800), the concentration of the so-called ‘greenhouse gases’- carbon dioxide, methane and others- in the atmosphere has risen about 30 per sent. In the temperatures have increased.
The next hundred years, most scientists agree, will see the earth heat up further. How much further is open to debate: in 1995 hundreds of scientists from around the world predicted a rise of anywhere between 1,8 and 6,3 degrees by 2100. but some regions will warm much less and others, especially of northern continents, will warm much more.
We don’t know what the effects of warming might be. Warmer weather might make some areas more attractive and others less. Because what will happen to the world is still uncertain, what will happen to a particular region is even more uncertain.
We don’t know how to prevent warming. No one knows how to lower emission without crushing the world economy. Based on present knowledge, the best way of coping with warming- if it happens- would be to adapt to it.
Lake Baikal
What is the influence of people in the situation with nature? Speaking about ecological problems of the 20th century I must add that people destroy national parks and nature serves. The example of the nature reserve is Lake Baikal.
We should concentrate our attention on the Lake Baikal. It is necessary to point out that there are 23 national parks and 84 nature reserves in Russia. The most unique reserve is Lake Baikal. The situation around Baikal is controversial. Lake Baikal is a unique reservoir of fresh water, one of the natural wonders of our planet is being endangered. It’s enough to recall the numerous cases of the end of the 80S. Disturbance of the ecological balance reduces the protective function of the lake’s inhabitants. Can we preserve its unique beauty and fauna? I think that it can be done, and our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will see Lake Baikal as it is in these photos.
Ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region
After describing problems of the 20th century I’d like to learn ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region. What are they?
Sverdlovsk Region has the highest level of air pollution. Industrial enterprises throw a lot of dirt in to the air. They are polluting the atmosphere. As a result, dangerous places appear for living people. Industrial centers have factories which spoil the environment. It’s necessary to point out that the age of open-hearth and blast furnace is more than 50 years. Speaking about industrial pollution it is necessary to add farm pollution because of irrational employment of chemicals. The most great tragedy was in Kishtym in 1957.Radiation spread the south-east part of Sverdlovsk Region. The most polluted towns are Nizhny Tagil, Ecaterinburg, Kamensk-Uralsk and others. It is dangerous to live in these towns.
Air pollution
Polluted air is a community problem in our region. Metallurgical plants fuel are great disasters plants for the world. In 1990’S they threw about 2,8 ml tons of dirt into the air. The main reason of the pollution is a bad equipment of enterprises. I think the factories are under construction now and they have no good modern filters. The leaders of dirt substances are sulfates and carbon dioxide. Water and nitric oxide form nitric acid. Acid rains harm plants and creatures. For example there are no plants, grass and pine trees around Revda.
Transport
Cars pollute the air and because of it we have smog, dust, harmful gases. Transport pollutes the atmosphere. The polluted air may be the reason of diseases. As a result, children suffer from bronchitis, bronchial asthma, the flu.
Water pollution
Large number of enterprises use much water. Water pollution is caused by dumping wasters into lakes, rivers and other bodies of water. The rivers are polluted by chemicals from factories and farms. Only 73% of cleansing constructions work well. 81 enterprises throw their dirty water without cleaning. As a result 52 thousand ton of sulfates, 47000 ton chlorides get on to the water every year. The most wide-spread pollution is the pollution by oil. As a result a lot of water birds and animals have died out. The polluted rivers are Tura, Pyshma, Iset, Lobva.
Forests
Forest is one of main richness of our region. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result, some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. If we don’t stop barbarian cutting of forests there will be no forests in 10-15 years at all.
Radiation
In the 40S the Ural became the base of military economic potential. There is an atomic power station in Beloyarka. It is even a greater disaster for the world. Radiation is connected with the problem of utilizing atomic fuel. As we see Sverdlovsk Region is a high industrial centre. As a result it has the highest level air, water pollution and radiation. More than that forests are cut down severely and animals disappear. More than that there are many polluted towns and the heath of people is in danger too, there are many diseases.
Ecological problems of Tugulym District and Tugulym
What is common with ecological problems all over the world, Sverdlovsk Region and Tugulym District? What are peculiarities of Tugulym District?
Sverdlovsk Region is the most developed one, but it has many ecological problems. I live in Tugulym. Tugulym District is a part of Sverdlovsk Region. Tugulym District consists of agricultural areas. There were some industrial establishments: Yushala wood sawing, Tugulym timber industry, Ertarka glass works, Uspenka paper production factory and Lugovskoy tractor plant. Forests occupy 52 % of the area. Air pollution is not reduced. The industrial establishments have stopped their work since 1997. There are no pump stations and good modern filters that lower the level of pollution. As a result, many diseases appeared in the district. Some establishments of different forms of property have appeared in the area. There are 130 enterprises of small Business. There are 44 boiler rooms and 15 proving grounds for the firm waste. Every year atmosphere is polluted by 756 tons of firm waste, 1215 industrial waste and 2028 m of liquid waste.
Water
Water pollution increased. Rivers are polluted by enterprises of towns Verkhnaya Pyshma and Beloyarsk atomic power station. Besides, rivers are polluted by oil products. The quality of water in Tugulym District is not satisfactorily because filters, cleaning stations do not work. It is necessary to point out that, the quality of soil is not satisfactorily too. There are dust-heaps near the roads, and the places of rest, on the banks of the rivers. They worse environment, pollute soil and form radionucleis.
Forest
I would like to tell about national park “Pyshminskie Bory”. The first aim of National park is to protect the countryside, the second aim is to allow people to enjoy the countryside as home to trees, flowers, animals and birds. There are 627 kinds of plants. The main trees are pines, birches, fir-trees. I’m very concerned that forests are destroyed. The life of animals and birds are in danger.
Pollution of the atmosphere
The most polluted atmosphere is in Tugulym, Yushala and Lugovskoy. Boil rooms are old as a result they don’t use devised to reduce the smoke, dust or harmful gases.
But it is necessary to point out that boil rooms will use more cheaper fuel. It is gases. This fuel will be cleaner ecologically. Besides it is planned to build new water main in Tugulym and Verkhovino. What’s more there are 15 dust-heaps in the district. I think the peculiarities of our district are: a) Tugulym District consists of agricultural areas; b) there are 130 enterprises of small business; c)here are no pump stations and good modern filters that lower the level of pollution; d) there are dust-heaps near the and the places of rest; e) as a result, many diseases appeared in the area; f) speaking about our district. I’d like to pay great attention to our forest. The forests are cut down. When the forests disappear many animals are disturbed. Many trees are cut down for building. Most of the countryside is spoiled.
Protection
We can’t ignore the problem of pollution of our district and Tugulym. But never the less, I must say that there are a number of national laws that protect the environment of Tugulym District. They are: “The Federal law about the protection of environment”. “About waste products of industry and its usage” and the law “about Health protection”. It is necessary to add that region programme “Rodniki” works in Tugulym. The pupils of our school take part in this programme. The leader of this programme is Selina Galina Grigorievna. The region programme “Rodniki” has existed since 2002. The aim of this programme is to inspect and to protect water springs. As a result twenty two springs of centralize water supply are inspected. Sixteen springs are protected. The tourist of the club “Piligrimy” have found two drill holes near villages Lugovaya and Dyomina.
They cleaned up them.
On hundred and seventy eight teenagers take part in the service of twenty two springs. The members of tourists’ groups take away litter near the wells and bring water to old people. The members of the club “Grenada” go to the drill hole of mineral water, they take away litter in the countryside besides they take care of two springs in Borovushka. Spring “Tugulimsky Cluchik” is in the north part of Tugulym. There is a bridge over the river Tugulimka which connects the part to the spring.
The members of the club “Grenada” organize environment groups. These groups plant trees near the spring “Cluhick”. Moe than that they take part in the environmental actions. It is necessary to add that these groups organize competitions of drawings’ and they write stories and poems which are devoted the theme “Rodniki”.
The fence of “Cluchick” is built by Sasha Kachevsky’s drawing. I think the members of the club “Grenada” are real friends of the Earth.
There are some other environmental programmes in Tugulym District.
Environmental protection
International cooperation
With the development of our civilization we have become dangerous to the planet and to ourselves. What must we do not to find ourselves in a dirty desert in the near future? This question cannot be ignored.
Some scientists are pessimistic about our problems. They suppose that we have already reached the point of no return. Others are more optimistic and believe hat our ecological problems are solvable because more and more people begin to understand how dangerous they are. There is increasing awareness of people of the real state of the planet. In many countries environmental protection agencies and research centers are set up. Such organizations as “Greenpeace” and “Friends of the Earth” try to put pressure upon those governments that do not care for ecology in their countries. The humankind will be able to survive only if we all understand that environmental protection is our universal concern.
At the present day there is a lot of advertisement about ecological problems and the environmental protection. There are also many TV programmes on this theme, for example “The World of Animals”, which show us the problems of the Earth. Such programmes reflect the ecological situation on our planet. Their aim is to influence public opinion on matters of environmental protection. When people watch these programmes they learn much information about different animals and plants, which die of the hand of the same people.
Environmental protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.
Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries- members of the UNO- have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss questions of ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalantinsk and Chernobyl. The international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.
But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried forward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I can’t help mentioning the fact that our administration should take urgent measures in order to avoid environmental pollution. I am sure that it is necessary to build purifying systems to reduce the amount of waste in the atmosphere. It is important to remove from the cities all ecologically harmful plants and factories. We can build new roads to prevent traffic jams and use special filters to save our air fresh.
As for me I think we should follow special rules when we visit the countryside. We are told to take litter home. I really think it is important to protect wildlife, plants and trees, to help to keep all water clean; we should not spoil the gardens leave litter, take flowers and plants damage the banks of the river, we should not disturb animals. I think everybody should remember the three rules: reduce, reuse and recycle. As for me, I think everybody should plant trees, don’t throw garbage in to the river because protection of nature is everybody’s business.
I’d like to meet Early Dawns
With birds’ singing in trees
And forests, gardens free of dust.
I’d like to listen to my children’s laugh
And merry voices of my great grandsons and granddaughters.
People, who will save the Earth?
You and me!
Keep it clean and green!
I’d like to present project about ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region and Tugulym District. I have chosen this topic because I’m very concerned about air pollution. I’m worried that water is polluted and as a result fish and animals are died.
I’m very concerned that forests are destroyed. I’m afraid of dangerous gases. I’m very concerned that there are many diseases. I’d like to find answer the question - Why does it happen? I’d like to tell some words about work on this topic. First I have made a plan. Then I was looking for literature. The most difficult work was to translate from Russian into English. I got information by translating from English into Russian. My aims are: to get more knowledge about ecological problems; to improve ability of reading and translating, speaking English. Tasks are: to know more about modern situation in nature; to learn ecological problems of the 20th century, to get more knowledge about ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region and Tugulym District. To answer the main question of this project I must describe modern situation of the world we live in.
There are diseases today, as a result they are caused by global environmental problems. Environmental problems have become exceptionally acute in the country. For a long time too little attention was paid to the environment.
As a result, about half of the water sources, in the country are polluted with industrial or communal waste.
More than that, in more than a hundred towns and cities with population of some fifty million, the concentration of harmful substances in the air is over ten times the admissible level.
For dozens of years the national economy focused on large projects.
The giant projects included the transformation of nature.
Blunders were committed that caused environmental disasters.
Why the planet is in danger? In connection with this question I head to learn about men’s interference with nature, the result of man’s careless interaction with nature is a sigh of ecological crises: forest and plants are in danger. Every year huge forests are cleared for different uses, and a lot of forests are so badly damaged that they will hardly be able to recover. By the way, some medicines come from trees and from plants and flowers which grow in the forests.
As for water over five million tons of oil products pollute the ocean each year. About two million tons of these products come from cars.
Big rivers carry into the ocean a lot of the waste from industry and agriculture.
Pollution means death to the ocean. Pollution kills whales. It kills fish and plants.
The birds have been swimming in polluted water. They will die if the men don’t help them.
And what about animals?
There are many species of animals that may disappear from the Earth within the next few years. You can find wonderful animals on our planet. In the oceans there are whales, albatrosses, sharks, polar bears, penguins. In tropical forests there are snakes, gorillas, jaguar, in rivers you can see different kinds of fish and crocodiles. But many of these species are disappearing nowadays. Today many elephants in Africa are dying because they do not have enough to eat or to drink and because they do not have enough space to live in. Hunters kill thousands of elephants every year. Some kill them for meat. But most kill elephants for their tusks. Most of the elephants have gone to national parks. There are too many animals there. As a result, the elephants do not have enough grass and leaves to eat. The crocodiles are very hungry. But now they are so weak that they can hardly catch a big antelope.
People have been hunting crocodiles for many years. The result is that 14 species are into the Red Data Book.
I think man’s interference with nature caused great ecological problems in the world.
In connection with the situation in modern world I must explain the words “Ecology”, “Earth Biosphere”, “Ozone Destructions” , “Radiation”.
Man’s interference with nature caused tragedy in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1945 Americans tested atomic bomb. As a result more than 140000 people were killed in Hirosima and about 75000 ones were killed in Nagasaki. Doctor Starford Worren was not allowed to publish information about radiation. I am worried about the pollution of Sverdlovsk Region. There are a lot of industrial enterprises in our region. They put their waste materials into water and atmosphere and pollute the environment. Many people died from radiation some years ago in Chernobyl. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus was polluted with radioactive substances. Great damage has been done to the republic’s agriculture, forest and people’s health.
I’m very concerned that forests are destroyed in Tugulym District, the rivers Tugulymka, Pyshma are very polluted. As a result birds and animals are in danger. I’m very concerned that eco-problems of Tygylym and Tygylym District are not reduced.
Tugulym District consists of agricultural areas. Forests occupy 52 % of the area. There are no pump stations and good modern filters that lower the level of pollution. As a result, many diseases appeared in the district. Some establishments of different forms of property have appeared in the area. There are 130 enterprises of small Business. There are 44 boiler rooms and 15 proving grounds for the firm waste. Every year atmosphere is polluted by 756 tons of firm waste, 1215 industrial waste and 2028 m of liquid waste.
I’m very concerned that the national park “Pre-Pyshminskie Bory” is destroyed. The life of animals and birds are in danger. The forests are cut down. There are dust heaps near the roads and the places of rest. There is a question “Who is in charge of the planet?”
I think people all over the world must do everything to protect nature , to make their country richer, to make their life happier.
We have to control atmosphere and water pollution to study the man’s influence on the climate. I’d like to add that the world pop singer stars organized concert “Save the Earth” in London on the 7th of July, 2007. It was devoted to the global warming.
In recent years people become more sensitive towards the Environment.
In 1987 a “Green Peace” public commission has been set up.
Travels for Peace and nature is the move of on other public movement that appeared in Russia some years ago. Russia is cooperating with the United states, Canada, Norway, Finland and other countries. It is important to point out that pupils of our school take part in Region Programme “Rodniki”. The leader of this programme is Selina Galina Grigorievna. The members of the clubs “Piligrimy” and “Grenada” inspect and protect water springs. They inspected twenty two springs. The members of tourists groups take away litter near the wells. More than that they take part in the environmental actions. They publish their articles in the newspaper “Znamya Truda”. It’s interesting to point out that teenagers discovered the inscription- curse in the forest during hiking expedition. It was the curse to people who cut down forests barbarously.
I think everybody should take part in Environmental Protection, because our Earth is our home. I really think it is important to protect wild life, plants and trees, to help to keep all water clean; we should not spoil the gardens, leave litter, take flowers and plants, pollute the banks of the rivers. We should not disturb animals.
To answer the main question of this project I must describe modern situation of the world we live in.
It’s an interesting world we live in! We fly to other planets and discover all manuscripts. We create artificial intellect and get the depths of the ocean. We release tremendous energies. We build the tunnel under the channel. We pollute our beautiful planet. Besides, there are many ozone holes. Acid rain falls and harms lakes, rivers and plants and the creatures that need them. Our factories throw a lot of dirt in to the air. It calls greenhouse effect or global warming. Animals are in danger. We pollute the atmosphere and disturb the wildlife. A lot of animals are disappearing. Cars are the world’s biggest air polluters. Farmers often spray chemicals on crops to protect them against pests. These chemicals are called pesticides. Scientists have found that pesticides often end up in our food. Pesticides can cause health problems especially for kids. And what about litter? When the litter is thrown, the nature is damaged. Speaking about these problems I think we must answer the question if the nature is the source of human life?
Man’s interference with nature
What is the man’s connection with nature? Since ancient times Nature has served man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. When nature is polluted the climate is changed. It’s necessary to point out that, the pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s care less interaction with nature a sign of ecological crises.
When did mean interfere with nature?
What caused ecological crises?
Forests and plants are in danger
What do forests and plants mean in man’s life?
The forests are in danger. The world has over nine million sq. km. of forests. But they are disappearing fast not only because of fires. Every day we use paper and cardboard made from wood. We use different kinds of wood to make furniture and other things. Every year huge forests are cleared for different uses, and a lot of forests are so badly damaged that they will hardly be able to recover.
By the way, some medicines come from trees and from plants and flowers which grow in the forests. There are many illnesses which we still cannot cure. There are old ones like cancer and new ones like AIDS. It may be that the medicines we need will be discovered in wild plants in savannas, deserts or rainforests. If we destroy these places, we will never find the cure. Every one of us must know how important it is to care for our great forests and save them from harm.
Besides the huge forests help to control the world’s weather, and to produce much of the oxygen in the air. People and animals breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut down and burnt big areas of rainforest. This means there are fewer trees, and, of course, more carbon dioxide, and more illnesses.
Water
What has happened with water?
Rivers… . Lakes... . Seas… . Oceans… . They cover more than 70% of our planet. Scientists say: man will die if oceans die. The oceans will die if we don’t stop polluting them. Thur Heyrdahl, the famous scientist and explorer, crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Thur Heyrdahl and his companions made a voyage of four thousand kilometers. They saw four thousand kilometers of polluted ocean.
This is what Thur Heyrdahl and his companions saw all the across Atlantic. Over five million tons of oil products pollute the ocean each year. About two million tons of these products come from cars.
At first the oil products go into the atmosphere and pollute it. Traffic policemen in Tokyo have to wear gas-masks. From the atmosphere the oil products go into the oceans.
A shipwrecked tanker spills many thousands of tons of oil into the ocean.
About one million tons of oil products coming from tankers pollute the world ocean each year.
Big rivers carry into the ocean a lot of the waste from industry and agriculture.
Pollution means death to the ocean. Pollution kills whales. It kills fish and plants.
The birds have been swimming in polluted water. They will die if the men don’t help them.
Experts believe life in the ocean will be destroyed within 25 years.
My opinion’s is pollution of water means death to the ocean, man.
Animals
What is the man’s influence on the situation with animals?
There are many species of animals that may disappear from the Earth within the next few years. They will become extinct unless man can help. For some species it is already too late. The American passenger pigeon was once a very common bird. Yet it is gone forever. The last one died in a zoo in 1914.
Some animals lose their natural nesting areas and cannot breed. Others cannot adapt to new conditions, wildlife problems occur everywhere.
“People have lived on our planet for many years. They lived and live on different continents and in different countries. People depend on their planet, on the sun, on animals and plants around them.”
You can find wonderful animals on our planet. In the oceans there are whales, albatrosses, sharks, polar bears, penguins. In tropical forests there are snakes, gorillas, jaguars, in rivers you can see different kinds of fish and crocodiles.
But many of these species are disappearing nowadays. Indian tigers are among them. They are skilful hunters. Often they are dangerous. Some people are afraid of tigers and kill them to save their livestock and their lives. But some people have hunted tigers for fun and for their beautiful skin. They sell the skin and get a lot of money. The result is sad. There are few Indian tigers on the Earth now. Many of them are usually old, sick animals. Most tigers hide from people in deep dark forests. The question is “Have those animals got a future?”
We can put the same question about African elephants. They are wonderful animals. They can help men. Elephants need a lot of water. Grown-ups drink as much as 50 gallons a day. After they have had enough to drink, they fill their trunks and spray their bodies. The showers cool the elephants. Leaving the water, the elephants join small family groups resting under the trees. Elephants rest only during the hottest part of the day and for a few hours each night. The rest of the time they eat. In fact, elephants spend about 16 hours a day eating.
Today many elephants in Africa are dying because they do not have enough to eat or to drink and they do not have enough space to live in.
Hunters kill thousands of elephants every year. Some kill them for meat. But most kill elephants for their tusks.
Most of the elephants have gone to national parks. There are too many animals there. As a result, the elephants do not have enough grass and leaves to eat.
Al these problems have greatly reduced the number of elephants in Africa. Specialists think that only two million elephants live on the planet today.
The Ciravira-river flows into Lake Victoria. Thousands of crocodiles live in it. This day has begun as usually but today the life of some animals on the shore will change forever. It is a mystery how crocodiles can detect their victims, but they know that the noise far away will bring no rain. That is the noise of another kind. Antelopes have come. These animals are thirsty. They have run about 170 km in fierce heat. The crocodiles are very hungry. But now they are so weak that they can hardly catch a big antelope. Young antelopes are wading far into the water. They don’t know that crocodiles are dangerous. They have never seen them. A crocodile catches its victim.
After such a good lunch the crocodile won’t eat much until the next coming of antelopes. Although a crocodile is a big reptile it doesn’t need much food.
Crocodiles appeared on the Earth 200 million years ago. There are 21 species of them. People have been hunting crocodiles for many years. The result is that 14 species are into the Red Data Book. Nowadays people breed them in incubators.
As we see many animals have disappeared because of hunting for their beautiful skin. Besides hunters kill elephants for meat. I think it is necessary to add that people destroy wildlife.
What is Ecology?
Speaking about influence of people on the environment we should know the terms “Ecology”, “The Earth’s Biosphere”, “Ozone Destruction”, “Radiation”.
The term ecology emerged at the end of the 20th century as one of the most popular and most important aspects of biology. The world ecology was coined by a German zoologist. Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term oekologie to the “relation of the animal both to its inorganic environment”. The word comes from the Greek oikos, meaning “household, home, or places to live”. Thus ecology deals with the organism and its environment. The word environment includes both other organisms and physical surroundings. Ecology has been defined variously as “the study of the interrelationships of organisms with their environment and each other”, as “the economy of nature”, and as “the biology of ecosystems”.
Because of the various approaches required to study organisms in their environment, ecology deals with such fields as climatology, hydrology, oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology, and soil analysis. To study the relationships between organisms, ecology also involves such unrelated sciences as animals’ behaviour, taxonomy, physiology, and mathematics.
The Earth’s Biosphere
Biosphere is the thin layer of life that covers the Earth. Biosphere is the earth’s relatively thin zone of air, soil, and water that is capable of supporting life, ranging from about 10 km into the atmosphere to the deepest ocean floor. Life in the zone depends on the sun’s energy and on the circulation of heat and essential nutrients. The biosphere remained sufficiently stable for hundreds of millions of years to keep going the evolution of today’s life forms. Major divisions of the biosphere into regions growth patterns are called plant formations, or biomes.
Role of man in ecology?
What is the role of Industrial Revolution in ecology?
The man appeared late in the earth’s history, but was able to change the earth’s environment by its actions. Humans first appeared in Africa and they quickly spread throughout the world. Having unique mental and physical capabilities, humans were able to change the environment to meet their needs.
Early humans obviously lived in harmony with the environment but they began the first prehistoric agricultural revolution.
While human populations remained small and human technology modest, their impact on the environment was localized. As populations increased and technology improved and expanded, however, more significant and widespread problems arose. Rapid technological advances after the Middle Ages culminated in the Industrial Revolution, which involved the discovery, use, and exploitation of fossil fuels, as well as the extensive exploitation of the earth’s mineral resources. With the Industrial Revolution, humans began in earnest to change the face of the earth, the nature of its atmosphere, and the quality of its water. Today, unprecedented demands on the environment from a rapidly expanding human population and from advancing technology are causing a continuing and accelerating decline in the environment and its ability to sustain life.
I think with the Industrial Revolution people began in earnest to change the face of the Earth.
Ozone Destruction
In the 1970S and 1980S, scientists began to find that human activity was having a detrimental effect on the global ozone layer, a region of the atmosphere that shields the earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. Without this gaseous layer, which is found at about 40 km above sea level, no life could survive on the planet. Studies showed the ozone layer was being damaged by the increasing use of industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, compounds of fluorine), which are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, cleaning solvents, packing materials, and aerosol sprays.
In 1985, however, further research revealed a growing ozone hole concentrated above Antarctica; 50per cent or more of the ozone above this area of the earth was being depleted seasonally (beginning each October). A thinning of the ozone layer exposes life on earth to excessive ultraviolet radiation, which can increase skin cancer and cataracts reduce immune system responses, interfere with the photosynthetic process of plants, and affect the growth of oceanic phytoplankton. Because of the growing threat of these dangerous environmental effects, many nations are working towards eliminating the manufacture and use of CFCs can remain in the atmosphere for more than 100 years, so ozone destruction will continue to pose a threat for decades to come.
Radiation
Although atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons has been banned by most countries, eliminating a large source if radioactive fallout, nuclear radiation still remains an environmental problem. Power plants always release some amount of radioactive waste into the air and water, but the main danger is the possibility of nuclear accidents, in which massive amounts of radiation are released into the environment- as happened at Chernobyl’, Ukraine, in 1986. In fact, since the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the world has learned that contamination of that region from nuclear accidents and nuclear wastes is far more extensive than had been realized. A greater problem facing the nuclear industry is the storage of nuclear wastes, which remain toxic for 700 to 1 million years, depending on the type. Safe storage for geological periods of time is problematic; meanwhile nuclear wastes accumulate, threatening the integrity of the environment.
I think all dangerous environmental effects are connected with mean’s activity.
Environmental problems of the 20th and 21st centuries
Hirosima and Nagasaki
What problems do people face in the nuclear age?
In connection with development of science and engineering new ecological problems appear. In the 20th century nuclear weapons appear in armament, atomic power station in our country. Another danger for the nature and for the man is radiation.
I’m very concerned about the event that took place on the 9th of August in 1945. Americans threw atomic bombs on Hirosima and Nagasaki in Japan. More than 140000 people were killed in Hirosima and about 75000 ones were killed in Nagasaki. Doctor Starford Worren was not allowed to publish information about radiation.
I’d like to add that millions of people through the world demand: ”Ban nuclear explosions! We do not want to be nuclear hostages!”
Chernobyl
April night at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station. The most horrible ecological disaster befell Belarus and its people as the result of the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. The blazing reactor lit up and mirrored our chronic ills. The disaster affected many lives. All this is true. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus was polluted with radioactive substances. Great damage has been done to the republic’s agriculture, forest and people’s health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station have been truly tragic for the Belarusian nation. Yet Chernobyl has gone down in our history hot only as grief pain and alarm, but also as an exploit uniting the entire people of our country in the face of calamity and suffering.
My opinion is atomic power-stations are dangerous for man.
Global warming
The most important influence on the weather of the future is likely to be global warming. Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crises of next century.
Here’s what we know about global warming. Since the Industrial Age (say, 1800), the concentration of the so-called ‘greenhouse gases’- carbon dioxide, methane and others- in the atmosphere has risen about 30 per sent. In the temperatures have increased.
The next hundred years, most scientists agree, will see the earth heat up further. How much further is open to debate: in 1995 hundreds of scientists from around the world predicted a rise of anywhere between 1,8 and 6,3 degrees by 2100. but some regions will warm much less and others, especially of northern continents, will warm much more.
We don’t know what the effects of warming might be. Warmer weather might make some areas more attractive and others less. Because what will happen to the world is still uncertain, what will happen to a particular region is even more uncertain.
We don’t know how to prevent warming. No one knows how to lower emission without crushing the world economy. Based on present knowledge, the best way of coping with warming- if it happens- would be to adapt to it.
Lake Baikal
What is the influence of people in the situation with nature? Speaking about ecological problems of the 20th century I must add that people destroy national parks and nature serves. The example of the nature reserve is Lake Baikal.
We should concentrate our attention on the Lake Baikal. It is necessary to point out that there are 23 national parks and 84 nature reserves in Russia. The most unique reserve is Lake Baikal. The situation around Baikal is controversial. Lake Baikal is a unique reservoir of fresh water, one of the natural wonders of our planet is being endangered. It’s enough to recall the numerous cases of the end of the 80S. Disturbance of the ecological balance reduces the protective function of the lake’s inhabitants. Can we preserve its unique beauty and fauna? I think that it can be done, and our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will see Lake Baikal as it is in these photos.
Ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region
After describing problems of the 20th century I’d like to learn ecological problems of Sverdlovsk Region. What are they?
Sverdlovsk Region has the highest level of air pollution. Industrial enterprises throw a lot of dirt in to the air. They are polluting the atmosphere. As a result, dangerous places appear for living people. Industrial centers have factories which spoil the environment. It’s necessary to point out that the age of open-hearth and blast furnace is more than 50 years. Speaking about industrial pollution it is necessary to add farm pollution because of irrational employment of chemicals. The most great tragedy was in Kishtym in 1957.Radiation spread the south-east part of Sverdlovsk Region. The most polluted towns are Nizhny Tagil, Ecaterinburg, Kamensk-Uralsk and others. It is dangerous to live in these towns.
Air pollution
Polluted air is a community problem in our region. Metallurgical plants fuel are great disasters plants for the world. In 1990’S they threw about 2,8 ml tons of dirt into the air. The main reason of the pollution is a bad equipment of enterprises. I think the factories are under construction now and they have no good modern filters. The leaders of dirt substances are sulfates and carbon dioxide. Water and nitric oxide form nitric acid. Acid rains harm plants and creatures. For example there are no plants, grass and pine trees around Revda.
Transport
Cars pollute the air and because of it we have smog, dust, harmful gases. Transport pollutes the atmosphere. The polluted air may be the reason of diseases. As a result, children suffer from bronchitis, bronchial asthma, the flu.
Water pollution
Large number of enterprises use much water. Water pollution is caused by dumping wasters into lakes, rivers and other bodies of water. The rivers are polluted by chemicals from factories and farms. Only 73% of cleansing constructions work well. 81 enterprises throw their dirty water without cleaning. As a result 52 thousand ton of sulfates, 47000 ton chlorides get on to the water every year. The most wide-spread pollution is the pollution by oil. As a result a lot of water birds and animals have died out. The polluted rivers are Tura, Pyshma, Iset, Lobva.
Forests
Forest is one of main richness of our region. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result, some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. If we don’t stop barbarian cutting of forests there will be no forests in 10-15 years at all.
Radiation
In the 40S the Ural became the base of military economic potential. There is an atomic power station in Beloyarka. It is even a greater disaster for the world. Radiation is connected with the problem of utilizing atomic fuel. As we see Sverdlovsk Region is a high industrial centre. As a result it has the highest level air, water pollution and radiation. More than that forests are cut down severely and animals disappear. More than that there are many polluted towns and the heath of people is in danger too, there are many diseases.
Ecological problems of Tugulym District and Tugulym
What is common with ecological problems all over the world, Sverdlovsk Region and Tugulym District? What are peculiarities of Tugulym District?
Sverdlovsk Region is the most developed one, but it has many ecological problems. I live in Tugulym. Tugulym District is a part of Sverdlovsk Region. Tugulym District consists of agricultural areas. There were some industrial establishments: Yushala wood sawing, Tugulym timber industry, Ertarka glass works, Uspenka paper production factory and Lugovskoy tractor plant. Forests occupy 52 % of the area. Air pollution is not reduced. The industrial establishments have stopped their work since 1997. There are no pump stations and good modern filters that lower the level of pollution. As a result, many diseases appeared in the district. Some establishments of different forms of property have appeared in the area. There are 130 enterprises of small Business. There are 44 boiler rooms and 15 proving grounds for the firm waste. Every year atmosphere is polluted by 756 tons of firm waste, 1215 industrial waste and 2028 m of liquid waste.
Water
Water pollution increased. Rivers are polluted by enterprises of towns Verkhnaya Pyshma and Beloyarsk atomic power station. Besides, rivers are polluted by oil products. The quality of water in Tugulym District is not satisfactorily because filters, cleaning stations do not work. It is necessary to point out that, the quality of soil is not satisfactorily too. There are dust-heaps near the roads, and the places of rest, on the banks of the rivers. They worse environment, pollute soil and form radionucleis.
Forest
I would like to tell about national park “Pyshminskie Bory”. The first aim of National park is to protect the countryside, the second aim is to allow people to enjoy the countryside as home to trees, flowers, animals and birds. There are 627 kinds of plants. The main trees are pines, birches, fir-trees. I’m very concerned that forests are destroyed. The life of animals and birds are in danger.
Pollution of the atmosphere
The most polluted atmosphere is in Tugulym, Yushala and Lugovskoy. Boil rooms are old as a result they don’t use devised to reduce the smoke, dust or harmful gases.
But it is necessary to point out that boil rooms will use more cheaper fuel. It is gases. This fuel will be cleaner ecologically. Besides it is planned to build new water main in Tugulym and Verkhovino. What’s more there are 15 dust-heaps in the district. I think the peculiarities of our district are: a) Tugulym District consists of agricultural areas; b) there are 130 enterprises of small business; c)here are no pump stations and good modern filters that lower the level of pollution; d) there are dust-heaps near the and the places of rest; e) as a result, many diseases appeared in the area; f) speaking about our district. I’d like to pay great attention to our forest. The forests are cut down. When the forests disappear many animals are disturbed. Many trees are cut down for building. Most of the countryside is spoiled.
Protection
We can’t ignore the problem of pollution of our district and Tugulym. But never the less, I must say that there are a number of national laws that protect the environment of Tugulym District. They are: “The Federal law about the protection of environment”. “About waste products of industry and its usage” and the law “about Health protection”. It is necessary to add that region programme “Rodniki” works in Tugulym. The pupils of our school take part in this programme. The leader of this programme is Selina Galina Grigorievna. The region programme “Rodniki” has existed since 2002. The aim of this programme is to inspect and to protect water springs. As a result twenty two springs of centralize water supply are inspected. Sixteen springs are protected. The tourist of the club “Piligrimy” have found two drill holes near villages Lugovaya and Dyomina.
They cleaned up them.
On hundred and seventy eight teenagers take part in the service of twenty two springs. The members of tourists’ groups take away litter near the wells and bring water to old people. The members of the club “Grenada” go to the drill hole of mineral water, they take away litter in the countryside besides they take care of two springs in Borovushka. Spring “Tugulimsky Cluchik” is in the north part of Tugulym. There is a bridge over the river Tugulimka which connects the part to the spring.
The members of the club “Grenada” organize environment groups. These groups plant trees near the spring “Cluhick”. Moe than that they take part in the environmental actions. It is necessary to add that these groups organize competitions of drawings’ and they write stories and poems which are devoted the theme “Rodniki”.
The fence of “Cluchick” is built by Sasha Kachevsky’s drawing. I think the members of the club “Grenada” are real friends of the Earth.
There are some other environmental programmes in Tugulym District.
Environmental protection
International cooperation
With the development of our civilization we have become dangerous to the planet and to ourselves. What must we do not to find ourselves in a dirty desert in the near future? This question cannot be ignored.
Some scientists are pessimistic about our problems. They suppose that we have already reached the point of no return. Others are more optimistic and believe hat our ecological problems are solvable because more and more people begin to understand how dangerous they are. There is increasing awareness of people of the real state of the planet. In many countries environmental protection agencies and research centers are set up. Such organizations as “Greenpeace” and “Friends of the Earth” try to put pressure upon those governments that do not care for ecology in their countries. The humankind will be able to survive only if we all understand that environmental protection is our universal concern.
At the present day there is a lot of advertisement about ecological problems and the environmental protection. There are also many TV programmes on this theme, for example “The World of Animals”, which show us the problems of the Earth. Such programmes reflect the ecological situation on our planet. Their aim is to influence public opinion on matters of environmental protection. When people watch these programmes they learn much information about different animals and plants, which die of the hand of the same people.
Environmental protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.
Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries- members of the UNO- have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss questions of ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalantinsk and Chernobyl. The international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.
But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried forward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I can’t help mentioning the fact that our administration should take urgent measures in order to avoid environmental pollution. I am sure that it is necessary to build purifying systems to reduce the amount of waste in the atmosphere. It is important to remove from the cities all ecologically harmful plants and factories. We can build new roads to prevent traffic jams and use special filters to save our air fresh.
As for me I think we should follow special rules when we visit the countryside. We are told to take litter home. I really think it is important to protect wildlife, plants and trees, to help to keep all water clean; we should not spoil the gardens leave litter, take flowers and plants damage the banks of the river, we should not disturb animals. I think everybody should remember the three rules: reduce, reuse and recycle. As for me, I think everybody should plant trees, don’t throw garbage in to the river because protection of nature is everybody’s business.
Comments
Post a Comment